Laboratory
Percent Error
% error = |experimental − accepted| ÷ |accepted| × 100
Compares an experimental result with an accepted reference value.
Formula category
Laboratory Formulas
Laboratory formulas for measurements, uncertainty, statistics, and experimental analysis.
Laboratory
Percent Difference
% difference = |A − B| ÷ ((|A| + |B|) ÷ 2) × 100
Compares two experimental values when neither is an accepted value.
Laboratory
Arithmetic Mean
x̄ = Σx ÷ n
Calculates the average of a set of observations.
Laboratory
Sample Standard Deviation
s = √(Σ(xᵢ − x̄)² ÷ (n − 1))
Measures the spread of sample observations around their mean.
Laboratory
Coefficient of Variation
CV = s ÷ x̄ × 100
Expresses variability relative to the mean as a percentage.
Laboratory
Relative Uncertainty
relative uncertainty = absolute uncertainty ÷ |measured value|
Shows measurement uncertainty relative to the measured magnitude.
Laboratory
Average Rate of Change
rate = (y₂ − y₁) ÷ (x₂ − x₁)
Calculates the average change in one variable per unit change in another.
Laboratory
Linear Regression
y = mx + b
Models a straight-line relationship between two variables.
Laboratory
Mean Formula
x̄ = Σx / n
Calculates the average value of a set of experimental measurements.
Laboratory
Median Formula
Middle value of ordered data
Finds the central value of a sorted dataset.
Laboratory
Standard Deviation Formula
σ = √(Σ(x - μ)² / N)
Measures the spread and variability of experimental data.
Laboratory
Percent Error Formula
% Error = |Experimental - Accepted| / Accepted × 100
Measures the difference between an experimental value and an accepted value.
Laboratory
Percent Difference Formula
% Difference = |A - B| / ((A + B) / 2) × 100
Compares two experimental values without a reference value.
Laboratory
Measurement Uncertainty Formula
U = ± value
Represents the range of possible variation in a scientific measurement.
Laboratory
Coefficient of Variation Formula
CV = (σ / μ) × 100
Measures relative variability of data compared with its mean.
Laboratory
Significant Figures Rules
Precision depends on reported digits
Determines the correct number of significant figures in scientific measurements and calculations.